Northern hemisphere stars. Historical star map of the northern hemisphere. Lines of latitude are seen as concentric circles, and lines of longitude as radii. The celestial north pole lies over the Earth's North Pole, at centre. Constellations are outlined. The Milky Way appears as a grey cloud crossing the map from centre left to centre right. The Pole star, Polarstern in German, can be seen close to the North Pole. Taken from a German encyclopaedia called the Bilder-Atlas, published in 1860.