During the Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War, the Ottomans conquered Cyprus. More than 56,000 Christian inhabitants were massacred or taken prisoner, and the island's commander, Marco Antonio Bragadin, was mutilated and flayed alive despite Turkish assurances that he and his men would be allowed to leave after surrendering. Frequent accounts of such atrocities gave the Turks a reputation for cruelty and lack of honor in war. Bishop Johann Faber of Vienna claimed, "There are no crueler and more audacious villains under the heavens than the Turks, who spare no age or sex and mercilessly cut down young and old alike and pluck unripe fruit from the wombs of mothers." In the 16th century, around 2,500 publications about the Turks, including more than 1,000 in German, were released in Europe, spreading the image of the "bloodthirsty Turk". From 1480 to 1610, twice as many books were published about the Turkish threat to Europe than about the discovery of the New World. Woodcut from "Beider Aintchristi Lehr, Glauben ind Religion" by Andreas Musculus, 1557.